Bibliography

TECHNICAL INTELLIGENCE

A Possibly Meaningful Dialogue

Technical Intelligence Advocate: “We’ll ultimately win the war on terrorism because of our vast technical superiority. For example, our current state of the art enables us to read a license plate on a car from a satellite in geo-synchronous orbit 250 miles above the earth.”

Human Intelligence Advocate: “That’s a terrific tool. Especially if you’re a country that’s about to be attacked by a nation of license plates. But, if you want to know who’s going to do something, when and using what – the things that are in someone’s mind and plans for the future, nothing can beat an agent in place. Besides, spies are cheap and don’t cost billions of dollars to operate.”

The nature of Technical Intelligence, framed as either positive or negative terms can be captured on a fairly simple level in the foregoing dialogue. Yet, rarely is anything simple in the world of intelligence and in this dialogue we only see a portion of the issue.

In this section, you’ll find an examination of the literature that has developed over the past half century concerning the more arcane collection techniques and technologies. Much remains classified because of either the technical capability itself, because of improvements in the technologies involved, or because of the coordinated nature of multiple collection platforms and locations (i.e., space-based, ground-based or maritime-based). Yet, much has been declassified not only in these terms, but also in availability – the commercial sale of overhead imagery or signals and voice intercept as just two common examples. Most of the focus of this literature is on technical means available to Western countries – particularly the US and the UK – largely because of the openness of those democracies compared with the closed nature of other societies.

• Babington-Smith. Constance. Air Spy: The Story of Photo Intelligence in World War II. New York: Harper & Bros., 1957.
• Bamford, James. Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency from the Cold War Through the Dawn of a New Century. New York: Doubleday, 2001.
• Bennett, Ralph F. ULTRA and Mediterranean Strategy. New York: Morrow, 1989.
• Bennett, Ralph F. ULTRA in the West: The Normandy Campaign, 1944-45. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1979.
• Benson, Robert Louis. A History of US Communications Intelligence during World War II: Policy and Administration. Series IV (World War II), Volume 8. Ft. Meade, MD: National Security Agency Center for Cryptologic History, 1997.
• Beschloss, Michael R. Mayday: Eisenhower, Khruschev and the U-2 Affair. New York: Harper & Row, 1986.
• Brugioni, Dino. Eyeball to Eyeball: The Inside Story of the Cuban Missile Crisis. New York: Random House, 1990.
• Brugioni, Dino A. From Balloons To Blackbirds: Reconnaissance, Surveillance and Imagery Intelligence- How it Evolved. The Intelligence Profession Series, No. 9. McLean, VA, The Association of Former Intelligence Officers (AFIO): 1993.
• Budiansky, Stephen. Battle of Wits: The Complete Story of Codebreaking in World War II. New York: Free Press, 2000.
• Burrows, William E. Deep Black: Space Espionage and National Security. New York: Berkley Books, 1942.
• Cole, Eric. Hiding in Plain Sight: Steganography and the Art of Covert Communication. Indianapolis: Wiley Publishing, 2003.
• Day, Dwayne. John M. Logsdon, and Brian Latell, eds. Eye in the Sky: The Story of the Corona Spy Satellites. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1998.
• Drea, Edward J. MacArthur’s Ultra: Codebreaking and the War against Japan, 1942-1945. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1992.
• Gilbert, James. The Most Secret War: Army Signals Intelligence in Vietnam. Ft. Belvoir, VA: Military History Office, Army Intelligence and Security Command, 2003.
• Johnson, Clarence "Kelly" with Maggie Smith, More Than My Share of it All. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1985.
• Jones, R.V. The Wizard War: British Scientific Intelligence, 1939-1945. New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1978.
• Kahn, David. Seizing The Enigma: The Race to Break the German U-Boat Codes, 1939-1943. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1991.
• Kahn, David. The Codebreakers: The Story of Secret Writing. New York: MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1967.
• MacEachin, Douglas J. The Final Months of the War with Japan: Signals Intelligence, U.S. Invasion Planning, and the A-Bomb Decision. Washington, DC: History Staff, Center for the Study of Intelligence, 1998.
• Pedlow, Gregory W. and Donald E. Welzenbach. The CIA and the U-2 Program, 1954-1974. Washington, DC: History Staff, Center for the Study of Intelligence, 1998.
• Peebles, Curtis. The CORONA Project. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1997.
• Pocock, Chris. Dragon Lady: The History of the U-2 Spyplane. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1989.
• Rich, Ben R. with Leo Janos. Skunk Works: A Personal Memoir of My Years at Lockheed. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1994.
• Ruffner, Kevin ed. CORONA: America’s First Satellite Program. Washington, DC: CIA History Staff, 1995.
• Richelson, Jeffrey T. America’s Secret Eyes in Space: The US Keyhole Spy Satellite Program. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1990.
• Sebag-Montefiore, Hugh. Enigma: The Battle for the Code. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2001.
• Singh, Kevin. The Code Book: The Evolution of Secrecy from Mary, Queen of Scots to Quantum Cryptography. New York: Doubleday, 1999.
• Taubman, Phillip. Secret Empire: Eisenhower, the CIA, and the Hidden Story of America's Space Espionage. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003.
• West, Nigel. GCHQ: The Secret Wireless War, 1900-86. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1986.
  
• Ladd, James D., Keith Melton and Peter Mason. Clandestine Warfare - Weapons and Equipment of the SOE and OSS.
  London: Blandford Press, 1988.
• Lovell, Stanley P. Deadly Gadgets of the OSS - When Uncle Sam Played Dirty in World War II. Bennington, VT:
  World War II Historical Society, 1996.
• McLean, Donald B. The Spy's Workshop - America's Clandestine Weapons. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press, 1989.
• Melton, H. Keith. The Ultimate Spy Book. New York: DK Publishing, 1996.