Bibliography

SPECIAL OPERATIONS, COVERT ACTION AND INTELLIGENCE RELATED PARAMILITARY ACTIVITIES

The relationship between Special Operations Forces – almost always representative of a nation’s military forces – and the national intelligence communities vary widely: some represent the entirety of available action forces; some are only related to the intelligence community by similar process orientation, such as the subterfuge or clandestinity that is not characteristic of mainframe military structures.

Covert Actions are almost always directly associated with intelligence organizations and provide services beyond the more widely known functions of intelligence collection, counterintelligence, or intelligence analysis. Yet, although some services approval of the more esoteric – such as assassination – others are much more pedestrian that range from forming opposition political parties to pamphleteering or planting spurious news stories in selected news outlets.
Para-military Activities are far more associated with, directed by, funded by and staffed by members for the national intelligence apparatus. They fulfill active and aggressive – perhaps violent – objectives that are tasked by the national command structure and engage in activities that can range from advice, training and support to rebel groups within a target country to actual leadership of small groups that are not identifiably members of the national military community and can thus provide plausible deniability.

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